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                    About Cellular One | Coverage | Industry Overview | Wireless Glossary
 
 


A Brief History of Wireless

The cell phone is one of the most significant technological advances of the 20th Century, however, the neat little gadget is not the first to communicate without wires. Smoke signals and tribal drums were used to communicate over short distances without cords or wires. Later, the Pony Express carried messages via horse and rider. As speed and reliability became ever more critical, communication through wires was heralded as a revolutionary advancement.

Claude Chappe, who invented the telegraph in 1792, and Alexander Graham Bell, who first sent voice transmissions in 1876, set the stage for modern communication. In 1894, near Bologna, Italy, wireless communication was born. Gulielmo Marconi tapped out a message in Morse Code, causing a bell to ring on the other end of the room. Because the signal traveled through the air, he called it "wireless."

Scientists immediately began searching for ways Marconi's Wireless could broadcast speech too. In 1906, Reginald Fessenden did it by changing sound waves into signals through a process called amplitude modulation, or AM. In 1935, American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong introduced FM (frequency modulation) radio waves, which used less power, and smaller, lighter receivers.

Although there was a form of mobile telephone service available in the late 1940s, its capacity was limited ­ with few radio channels available to carry calls, cities like New York were limited to 12 simultaneous callers. In 1977, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorized two experimental licenses ­ to AT&T in Chicago, and to Motorola and American Radio Telephone Service (ARTS) in the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. corridor. The service created by ARTS became Cellular One (now Cellular One), the most enduring brand in the cellular industry.

On October 13, 1983, the first call on a commercial cellular system was made in Chicago, and Cellular One service in the Washington, D.C./Baltimore area began in 1984. The wireless competition that began in 1983 with two licensees per market was further expanded in 1995 to provide for up to nine carriers per market. Congress then adopted the wireless model of competition in lieu of government intervention for the entire telecommunications industry in 1996 to foster competition and greater expand consumer options.

Today, there are more than 132 million wireless subscribers in the United States and the options are endless for wireless technology. Consumers in some markets are already able to experience disposable cell phones and Bluetooth technology in smart phones that link to other portable devices. Before long, third-generation technology will allow the integration of data, voice and video. At Cellular One, we believe the best is yet to come.

How Wireless Works

Cell phones use low-energy FM radio waves to transmit voice to the nearest antenna site connected with the local phone network. The call goes through either a regular phone line, or by radio signal to another cell phone, depending on the service. Wireless technology uses individual radio frequencies over and over by dividing service areas into different geographic zones. These zones are called "cells."

Cells can be as small as Madison Square Garden or as large as New York City. Typically, there are more cells in cities than in rural areas simply because there are more people trying to make calls in urban areas. Each has its own radio transmitter and receiver antenna linked to Mobile Telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs).

As the caller moves from one place to the next, the call is handed off by the MTSO to the next cell site, providing a consistent, high quality signal. When a subscriber travels outside of a service area, calls can still be made by “roaming” on the systems of other wireless carriers. These carriers take up the call signal and allow calls to be made or received within their coverage area. Roaming works because carriers like Cellular One network with other carriers throughout the country to provide broad coverage areas.

What's the difference between digital and analog?

Analog means voice transmission is carried "as-is" on the airwaves, while digital changes voice data to binary, or computer code, then back to voice again. Analog is the original form of cellular service using waveform transmissions and operates in the 800MHz frequency range. Although digital is fast replacing analog service, analog still has the largest coverage area and can be used in rural locations where digital service is not available. Digital service has significant advantages over analog and can multiply a network’s capacity exponentially. The digital services offered by Cellular One are either CDMA or TDMA, and are a must for anyone wanting to take advantage of newer features, such as caller ID, voice mail, e-mail, or searching the Internet. Here’s a more detailed explanation of the types of digital service:

CDMA (code division multiple access) ­ a digital technology that provides increased capacity over analog technology. CDMA is also known as spread spectrum technology because it uses a low-power signal that is "spread" across a wide bandwidth. With CDMA, a phone call is assigned a code, which identifies it to the correct receiving phone. Using the identifying code and a low-power signal, a large number of calls can be carried simultaneously on the same group of channels.

TDMA (time division multiple access) ­ TDMA is a digital technology designed to increase the channel capacity by chopping the signal into pieces and assigning each one to a different time slot, each lasting a fraction of a second. Using TDMA, a single channel can be used to handle simultaneous phone calls.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency. GSM is the international standard for wireless technology. GSM allows users to utilize one phone and one number in many countries throughout the world. GSM is a digital technology and therefore the call quality is of a very high standard. Calls are always clear and the network is very secure.
Consumer Tips for Choosing a Service Plan
  • Do a personal calling inventory. Determine how many calls you're likely to make, the time of day you're likely to place the calls and what days you're likely to make the calls. Decide if you want your cell phone to replace your home land-line phone.
  • Cellular One provides a variety of pricing plans designed to accommodate light, regular or heavy volume customers. Choose a plan that best fits your calling patterns.
  • If you plan to use the phone occasionally, select an economy plan. If you make frequent calls, it may be more economical to sign up for a plan that provides a certain amount of free minutes of usage. Frequent users should sign up for a service plan which provides a higher monthly fee, several free hours and the lowest rate for air time.
  • Compare local coverage areas. A roaming charge applies when you call from outside your home area. Some homed areas span several states, so any call made within that large area is considered a local call. Business travelers who make lots of long distance calls should choose a plan with a national rate.
 
   


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